Frostbite

Alternative Names

Cold exposure - arms or legs

Prevention

Be aware of factors that can contribute to frostbite, such as extreme cold, wet clothes, high winds, and poor circulation. Poor circulation can be caused by tight clothing or boots, cramped positions, fatigue, certain medications, smoking, alcohol use, or diseases that affect the blood vessels, such as diabetes.

Wear suitable clothing in cold temperatures and protect exposed areas. In cold weather, wear mittens (not gloves); wind-proof, water-resistant, many-layered clothing; two pairs of socks (cotton next to skin, then wool); and a hat or scarf that covers the ears (to avoid substantial heat loss through the scalp).

If you expect to be exposed to the cold for a long period of time, don't drink alcohol or smoke, and get adequate food and rest.

If caught in a severe snowstorm, find shelter early or increase physical activity to maintain body warmth.

References

Ulrich AS. Hypothermia and localized cold injuries. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2004; 22(2): 281-98.

Petrone P. Surgical management and strategies in the treatment of hypothermia and cold injury. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2003; 21(4): 1165-78.

Morton PM. Wilderness survival. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 204; 22(2): 475-509, ix-x.

Marx J. Rosen’s Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 6th ed. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby; 2006.