Breathing - slowed or stopped

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Overview	Treatment

Breathing - slowed or stopped

Definition

Breathing that slows down or stops from any cause is called apnea. Apnea can come once in a while and be temporary. This can occur with obstructive sleep apnea, for example. Prolonged apnea means a person has stopped breathing. This is also called respiratory arrest when the heart is still active. Prolonged apnea accompanied by lack of any cardiac activity and a patient who is not responsive is called cardiac arrest.

Alternative Names

Respiration slowed or stopped; Not breathing; Respiratory arrest; Apnea

Considerations

Prolonged apnea (respiratory arrest) is a life-threatening disorder that requires immediate medical attention and first aid.

If a person with any type of apnea turns blue, has a seizure, becomes limp, remains drowsy, or is unconscious, immediately seek medical attention and call 911.

Apnea can occur for many different reasons. The most common causes of apnea in infants and small children are generally quite different from the most common causes in adults.

In infants and children, the most common cause of cardiac arrest (lack of an effective heartbeat) is respiratory arrest. In adults, the opposite usually occurs: Cardiac arrest leads to respiratory arrest.

Causes

Common causes of apnea in infants and young children include:

Common causes of apnea in adults include:

Asthma or other lung diseases
Cardiac arrest
Choking
Drug overdose, especially drugs such as alcohol, narcotic pain killers, barbiturates, anesthetics, and other depressants (See also: Drug abuse first aid)
Obstructive sleep apnea

Other causes of apnea include:

Head or brain-stem injury
Irregular heartbeat (arrhythmias)
Metabolic disorders
Near-drowning
Nervous system disorders

References

Marx, J. Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 6th ed. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby; 2006.

Fleisher KE, Krieger AC. Current trends in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007: 65 (10): 2056-68.

Review Date: 2/19/2008
Reviewed By: John E. Duldner, Jr., MD, MS, Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine, Director of Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, Akron General Medical Center and Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.

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